Copper provides an optimum engraving surface because of its strength and flexibility.
The art of engraving boasts a history of more than half a millennium, dating back to the 1430s. Engravers used a sharp tool to etch a pattern or design into copper, sometimes for the sake of the decorated object itself but often as a printing plate used to produce an image on paper--whether for artistic purposes or for commercial reproductions in books. In modern times, engraving tools are formed from steel to create a more accurate end product.
Burin
The burin, meaning "cold chisel" in French, is a steel cutting tool used to make intaglio plates for printing on paper. Sometimes called a ciapolla, this traditional tool is square or diamond-shaped for creating straight lines. The engraver begins with a well-hammered and polished sheet of copper before applying a coat of varnish, which allows the transferred design to show on the surface. He then holds the burin almost horizontally to the plate and presses the sharp edge into the copper, guiding it along in a straight line to trace a gouge into the imprint.
Chisel
A chisel tool is used to depress copper rather than actually remove it. The engraver places a pliable surface underneath the copper to prevent it from bending or breaking. Using a small hammer, he lightly taps the chisel to create indentations in the design. Although this is perhaps one of the most simple and traditional engraving tools, it requires significant skill and practice to achieve a satisfactory result. Lighter taps result in a smoother line. Use a chisel for engraving letters or intricate designs.
Bulino
The bulino, a graving tool, is constructed from a round rod with a sharp cutting edge and a wooden handle, which helps the engraver control the depth of cut. Experiment with the amount of forward force or pressure to determine what degree of cut you desire. Usually, this type of tool is only used for straight cuts unless the graver is held stationary and the copper plate is fed into it. This method allows for cleaner and smoother curved lines while eliminating hand and arm fatigue.
